Academic Foundations: Environment & change

environment

the air, water, and land on Earth, which is affected by man’s activities

“The speaker used the word “environment” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

terrestrial

relating to the Earth rather than to the moon or other planets

“The speaker uses “terrestrial” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

environmental

concerning or affecting the air, land, or water on Earth

“Researchers describe the environmental project evidence as environmental.”

carbohydrate

a substance that is in foods such as sugar, bread, and potatoes, which provides your body with heat and energy and which consists of oxygen, hydrogen , and carbon

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “carbohydrate.””

drainage

the process or system by which water or waste liquid flows away

“A clear definition of the word “drainage” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

environmentalism

Environmentalism is used to describe actions and policies that show a concern with protecting and preserving the natural environment, for example, by preventing pollution

“A clear definition of the word “environmentalism” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

sustainable

able to continue without causing damage to the environment

“During the environmental project discussion, “sustainable” signals a particular quality.”

insulin

a substance produced naturally by your body which allows sugar to be used for energy

“Learners saw the word “insulin” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

waste

to use more money, time, energy etc than is useful or sensible

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “waste” describes an action or change.”

ecological

connected with the way plants, animals, and people are related to each other and to their environment

“Researchers describe the environmental project evidence as ecological.”

sewage

the mixture of waste from the human body and used water, that is carried away from houses by pipes under the ground

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “sewage.””

sewerage

the system by which waste material and used water are carried away in sewers and then treated to stop it being harmful

“A clear definition of the word “sewerage” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

mineral

a substance that is formed naturally in the earth, such as coal, salt, stone, or gold. Minerals can be dug out of the ground and used

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “mineral.””

aquifer

In geology, an aquifer is an area of rock underneath the surface of the earth which absorbs and holds water

“The speaker used the word “aquifer” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

sewer

a pipe or passage under the ground that carries away waste material and used water from houses, factories etc

“Learners saw the word “sewer” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

pond

a small area of fresh water that is smaller than a lake, that is either natural or artificially made

“The speaker used the word “pond” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

biodegradable

materials, chemicals etc that are biodegradable are changed naturally by bacteria into substances that do not harm the environment

“The speaker uses “biodegradable” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

pollution

the process of making air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use, or the state of being dangerously dirty

“Learners saw the word “pollution” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

silicate

one of a group of common solid mineral substances that exist naturally in the Earth

“Learners saw the word “silicate” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

sanitation

the protection of public health by removing and treating waste, dirty water etc

“Learners saw the word “sanitation” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

decay

to be slowly destroyed by a natural chemical process, or to make something do this

“Learners hear “decay” while following the environmental project explanation.”

drought

a long period of dry weather when there is not enough water for plants and animals to live

“The speaker used the word “drought” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

gravity

the force that causes something to fall to the ground or to be attracted to another planet

“Learners saw the word “gravity” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

protein

one of several natural substances that exist in food such as meat, eggs, and beans, and which your body needs in order to grow and remain strong and healthy

“The speaker used the word “protein” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

condense

to make a liquid thicker by removing some of the water

“A clear example helps learners use “condense” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

hydrogen

a colourless gas that is the lightest of all gases, forms water when it combines with oxygen, and is used to produce ammonia and other chemicals. It is a chemical element

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “hydrogen.””

resource

the ability to deal with practical problems

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “resource.””

swamp

to suddenly cover an area with a lot of water

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “swamp” describes an action or change.”

planet

A planet is a large, round object in space that moves around a star. The Earth is a planet.

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “planet.””

geology

the study of the rocks, soil etc that make up the Earth, and of the way they have changed since the Earth was formed

“Learners saw the word “geology” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

explosion

a loud sound and the energy produced by something such as a bomb bursting into small pieces

“The speaker used the word “explosion” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

inherent

a quality that is inherent in something is a natural part of it and cannot be separated from it

“The speaker uses “inherent” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

dilute

a dilute liquid has been made weaker by the addition of water or another liquid

“During the environmental project discussion, “dilute” signals a particular quality.”

starch

a substance which provides your body with energy and is found in foods such as grain, rice, and potatoes, or a food that contains this substance

“The speaker used the word “starch” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

hurricane

a storm that has very strong fast winds and that moves over water

“The speaker used the word “hurricane” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

strenuous

A strenuous activity or action involves a lot of energy or effort

“The report describes the environmental project issue as strenuous.”

reflection

an image that you can see in a mirror, glass, or water

“A clear definition of the word “reflection” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

aquatic

living or growing in water

“The report describes the environmental project issue as aquatic.”

renewable

renewable energy replaces itself naturally, or is easily replaced because there is a large supply of it

“The speaker uses “renewable” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

sedimentation

the natural process by which small pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the bottom of the sea etc and form a solid layer

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “sedimentation.””

hydrosphere

the watery part of the earth's surface, including oceans, lakes, water vapour in the atmosphere, etc

“The speaker used the word “hydrosphere” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

landform

A landform is any natural feature of the Earth's surface, such as a hill, a lake, or a beach

“A clear definition of the word “landform” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

magnetosphere

the region surrounding a planet, such as the earth, in which the behaviour of charged particles is controlled by the planet's magnetic field

“Learners saw the word “magnetosphere” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

corrosion

the gradual destruction of metal by the effect of water, chemicals etc or a substance such as rust produced by this process

“Learners saw the word “corrosion” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

ecosystem

all the animals and plants in a particular area, and the way in which they are related to each other and to their environment

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “ecosystem.””

arid

arid land or an arid climate is very dry because it has very little rain

“The report describes the environmental project issue as arid.”

axis

the imaginary line around which a large round object, such as the Earth, turns

“The speaker used the word “axis” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

benign

a benign tumour (= unnatural growth in the body ) is not caused by cancer

“During the environmental project discussion, “benign” signals a particular quality.”

pigment

a natural substance that makes skin, hair, plants etc a particular colour

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “pigment.””

soda

water that contains bubbles and is often added to alcoholic drinks

“A clear definition of the word “soda” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

zealous

someone who is zealous does or supports something with great energy

“During the environmental project discussion, “zealous” signals a particular quality.”

hydraulic

moved or operated by the pressure of water or other liquid

“The speaker uses “hydraulic” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

sap

the watery substance that carries food through a plant

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “sap.””

submarine

a ship, especially a military one, that can stay under water

“Learners saw the word “submarine” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

flair

a natural ability to do something very well

“Learners saw the word “flair” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

navigate

to sail along a river or other area of water

“A clear example helps learners use “navigate” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

premature

happening before the natural or proper time

“The speaker uses “premature” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

squander

to carelessly waste money, time, opportunities etc

“A clear example helps learners use “squander” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

stratum

a layer of rock or earth

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “stratum.””

metabolism

the chemical processes by which food is changed into energy in your body

“The speaker used the word “metabolism” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

strait

a narrow passage of water between two areas of land, usually connecting two seas

“A clear definition of the word “strait” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

primordial

existing at the beginning of time or the beginning of the Earth

“During the environmental project discussion, “primordial” signals a particular quality.”

expend

to use or spend a lot of energy etc in order to do something

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “expend” describes an action or change.”

inundate

to cover an area with a large amount of water

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “inundate” describes an action or change.”

saline

a special mixture of water and salt

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “saline.””

vitality

great energy and eagerness to do things

“Learners saw the word “vitality” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

embankment

a wide wall of earth or stones built to stop water from flooding an area, or to support a road or railway

“Learners saw the word “embankment” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

penis

the outer sex organ of men and male animals, which is used for sex and through which waste water comes out of the body

“A clear definition of the word “penis” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

river

a natural and continuous flow of water in a long line across a country into the sea

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “river.””

diarrhoea

an illness in which waste from the bowel s is watery and comes out often

“A clear definition of the word “diarrhoea” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is electricity made from the energy of running water

“A clear definition of the word “hydroelectricity” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

sea

the large area of salty water that covers much of the Earth’s surface

“The speaker used the word “sea” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

sonar

equipment on a ship or submarine that uses sound waves to find out the position of objects under the water

“A clear definition of the word “sonar” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

efficient

if someone or something is efficient, they work well without wasting time, money, or energy

“The speaker uses “efficient” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

petroleum

oil that is obtained from below the surface of the Earth and is used to make petrol, paraffin , and various chemical substances

“The speaker used the word “petroleum” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

precious

something that is precious is valuable and important and should not be wasted or used without care

“Researchers describe the environmental project evidence as precious.”

friction

the natural force that prevents one surface from sliding easily over another surface

“Learners saw the word “friction” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

root

the part of a plant or tree that grows under the ground and gets water from the soil

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “root.””

salt

a natural white mineral that is added to food to make it taste better or to preserve it

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “salt.””

slurry

a mixture of water and mud, coal, or animal waste

“The speaker used the word “slurry” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

calorie

a unit for measuring the amount of energy that food will produce

“A clear definition of the word “calorie” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

garbage

waste material, such as paper, empty containers, and food thrown away

“The speaker used the word “garbage” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

inborn

an inborn quality or ability is one you have had naturally since birth

“The report describes the environmental project issue as inborn.”

knead

to press a mixture of flour and water many times with your hands

“A clear example helps learners use “knead” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

sustain

to make something continue to exist or happen for a period of time

“A clear example helps learners use “sustain” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

consumption

the amount of energy, oil, electricity etc that is used

“A clear definition of the word “consumption” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

current

a continuous movement of water in a river, lake, or sea

“A clear definition of the word “current” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

alkaloid

any of a group of nitrogenous basic compounds found in plants, typically insoluble in water and physiologically active

“The speaker used the word “alkaloid” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

conservation

the protection of natural things such as animals, plants, forests etc, to prevent them from being spoiled or destroyed

“A clear definition of the word “conservation” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

prodigy

A prodigy is someone young who has a great natural ability for something such as music, mathematics, or sports

“Learners saw the word “prodigy” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

aqueduct

An aqueduct is a large pipe or canal that carries a water supply to a city or a farming area

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “aqueduct.””

artificial

not real or not made of natural things but made to be like something that is real or natural

“The report describes the environmental project issue as artificial.”

baffle

a board, sheet of metal etc that controls the flow of air, water, or sound into or out of something

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “baffle.””

concrete

a substance used for building that is made by mixing sand, small stones, cement , and water

“A clear definition of the word “concrete” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

efficiency

the quality of doing something well and effectively, without wasting time, money, or energy

“The speaker used the word “efficiency” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

gravitation

the force that causes two objects such as planets to move towards each other because of their mass

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “gravitation.””

dam

a special wall built across a river or stream to stop the water from flowing, especially in order to make a lake or produce electricity

“Learners saw the word “dam” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

satellite

a machine that has been sent into space and goes around the Earth, moon etc, used for radio, television, and other electronic communication

“A clear definition of the word “satellite” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

algae

a very simple plant without stems or leaves that grows in or near water

“Learners saw the word “algae” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

dearth

a situation in which there are very few of something that people want or need

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “dearth.””

primeval

belonging to the earliest time in the existence of the universe or the Earth

“The report describes the environmental project issue as primeval.”

brine

water that contains a lot of salt and is used for preserving food

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “brine.””

distill

to make a liquid such as water or alcohol more pure by heating it so that it becomes a gas and then letting it cool. Drinks such as whisky are made this way.

“The speaker explains how “distill” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

Fahrenheit

a scale of temperature in which water freezes at 32˚ and boils at 212˚

“Learners saw the word “fahrenheit” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

permeable

material that is permeable allows water, gas etc to pass through it

“The speaker uses “permeable” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

reactor

a large structure used for the controlled production of nuclear energy

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “reactor.””

earthworm

a common type of long thin brown worm that lives in soil

“The speaker used the word “earthworm” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

generate

to produce heat, electricity, or another form of energy

“A clear example helps learners use “generate” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

harness

to control and use the natural force or power of something

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “harness” describes an action or change.”

naturalistic

painted, written etc according to the ideas of naturalism

“During the environmental project discussion, “naturalistic” signals a particular quality.”

drain

to make the water or liquid in something flow away

“Learners hear “drain” while following the environmental project explanation.”

ore

rock or earth from which metal can be obtained

“Learners saw the word “ore” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

amphibious

able to live both on land and in water

“The speaker uses “amphibious” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

subterranean

beneath the surface of the earth

“Researchers describe the environmental project evidence as subterranean.”

talent

a natural ability to do something well

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “talent.””

canal

a long passage dug into the ground and filled with water, either for boats to travel along, or to take water to a place

“A clear definition of the word “canal” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

radiation

a form of energy that comes especially from nuclear reactions, which in large amounts is very harmful to living things

“A clear definition of the word “radiation” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

equator

an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the Earth that is exactly the same distance from the North Pole and the South Pole

“The speaker used the word “equator” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

kidney

one of the two organs in your lower back that separate waste products from your blood and make urine

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “kidney.””

tonic

a drink that you have as a medicine to give you more energy or strength when you feel tired

“The speaker used the word “tonic” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

atomic

relating to the energy produced by splitting atoms or the weapons that use this energy

“The speaker uses “atomic” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

fuel

a substance such as coal, gas, or oil that can be burned to produce heat or energy

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “fuel.””

plug

a round flat piece of rubber used for stopping the water flowing out of a bath or sink

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “plug.””

reflect

to show the image of sb/sth on the surface of sth such as a mirror, water or glass

“The speaker explains how “reflect” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

shrink

to become smaller, or to make something smaller, through the effects of heat or water

“A clear example helps learners use “shrink” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

clay

a type of heavy sticky earth that can be used for making pots, bricks etc

“The speaker used the word “clay” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

drown

to die from being under water for too long, or to kill someone in this way

“Learners hear “drown” while following the environmental project explanation.”

hemisphere

a half of the Earth, especially one of the halves above and below the equator

“Learners saw the word “hemisphere” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

moisture

Moisture is tiny drops of water in the air, on a surface, or in the ground

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “moisture.””

paddle

to walk for pleasure without shoes or socks in water that is not very deep

“Learners hear “paddle” while following the environmental project explanation.”

shovel

a tool with a rounded blade and a long handle used for moving earth, stones etc

“The speaker used the word “shovel” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

traverse

to move across, over, or through something, especially an area of land or water

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “traverse” describes an action or change.”

carbon

a chemical substance that exists in a pure form as diamonds, graphite etc, or in an impure form as coal, petrol etc. It is a chemical element : symbol C

“The speaker used the word “carbon” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

consume

To consume an amount of fuel, energy, or time means to use it up

“Learners hear “consume” while following the environmental project explanation.”

dive

to jump into deep water with your head and arms going in first

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “dive” describes an action or change.”

energy

the physical and mental strength that makes you able to do things

“Learners saw the word “energy” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

grace

a smooth way of moving that looks natural, relaxed, and attractive

“Learners saw the word “grace” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

lively

someone who is lively has a lot of energy and is very active

“The speaker uses “lively” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

bound

a long or high jump made with a lot of energy

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “bound.””

copper

a soft reddish-brown metal that allows electricity and heat to pass through it easily, and is used to make electrical wires, water pipes etc. It is a chemical element: symbol Cu

“The speaker used the word “copper” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

expanse

a very large area of water, sky, land etc

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “expanse.””

humidity

the amount of water contained in the air

“The speaker used the word “humidity” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

oasis

a place with water and trees in a desert

“A clear definition of the word “oasis” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

backup

Backup consists of extra equipment, resources, or people that you can get help or support from if necessary

“Learners saw the word “backup” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

plankton

the very small forms of plant and animal life that live in water, especially the sea, and are eaten by fish

“A clear definition of the word “plankton” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

scenery

the natural features of a particular part of a country that you can see, such as mountains, forests, deserts etc

“The speaker used the word “scenery” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

silt

sand, mud, soil etc that is carried in water and then settles at a bend in a river, an entrance to a port etc

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “silt.””

boisterous

someone, especially a child, who is boisterous makes a lot of noise and has a lot of energy

“During the environmental project discussion, “boisterous” signals a particular quality.”

cholera

a serious disease that causes sickness and sometimes death. It is caused by eating infected food or drinking infected water.

“Learners saw the word “cholera” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

heal

to make someone who is ill become healthy again, especially by using natural powers or prayer

“Learners hear “heal” while following the environmental project explanation.”

iceberg

a very large mass of ice floating in the sea, most of which is under the surface of the water

“The speaker used the word “iceberg” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

pollutant

a substance that makes air, water, soil etc dangerously dirty, and is caused by cars, factories etc

“A clear definition of the word “pollutant” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

silica

a chemical compound that exists naturally as sand, quartz , and flint , used in making glass

“The speaker used the word “silica” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

unearth

to find something after searching for it, especially something that has been buried in the ground or lost for a long time

“A clear example helps learners use “unearth” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

voluble

If you say that someone is voluble, you mean that they talk a lot with great energy and enthusiasm

“The speaker uses “voluble” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

willow

a type of tree that has long thin branches and grows near water, or the wood from this tree

“Learners saw the word “willow” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

capability

the natural ability, skill, or power that makes a machine, person, or organization able to do something, especially something difficult

“Learners saw the word “capability” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

fission

the process of splitting an atom to produce large amounts of energy or an explosion

“A clear definition of the word “fission” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

meteor

a piece of rock or metal that travels through space, and makes a bright line in the night sky when it falls down towards the Earth

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “meteor.””

peninsula

a piece of land almost completely surrounded by water but joined to a large area of land

“A clear definition of the word “peninsula” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

rampart

a wide pile of earth or a stone wall built to protect a castle or city in the past

“A clear definition of the word “rampart” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

faucet

the thing that you turn on and off to control the flow of water from a pipe

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “faucet.””

hydrocarbon

a chemical compound that consists of hydrogen and carbon , such as coal or gas

“A clear definition of the word “hydrocarbon” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

mammoth

an animal like a large hairy elephant that lived on Earth thousands of years ago

“A clear definition of the word “mammoth” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

prodigal

someone who spends money carelessly and wastes their time – used humorously

“Learners saw the word “prodigal” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

stream

a flow of water, air, smoke etc, or the direction in which it is flowing

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “stream.””

turtle

a reptile that lives mainly in water and has a soft body covered by a hard shell

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “turtle.””

vortex

a mass of wind or water that spins quickly and pulls things into its centre

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “vortex.””

flood

a very large amount of water that covers an area that is usually dry

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “flood.””

nuclear

relating to or involving the nucleus of an atom, or the energy produced when the nucleus of an atom is either split or joined with the nucleus of another atom

“Researchers describe the environmental project evidence as nuclear.”

sleek

to make hair or fur smooth and shiny by putting water or oil on it

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “sleek” describes an action or change.”

urine

the yellow liquid waste that comes out of the body from the bladder

“A clear definition of the word “urine” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

cascade

a small steep waterfall that is one of several together

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “cascade.””

choppy

choppy water has a lot of waves and is not smooth to sail on

“During the environmental project discussion, “choppy” signals a particular quality.”

deform

to change or spoil the usual or natural shape of sth

“The speaker explains how “deform” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

mound

a pile of earth or stones that looks like a small hill

“A clear definition of the word “mound” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

planetary

Planetary means relating to or belonging to planets

“The report describes the environmental project issue as planetary.”

resourceful

good at finding ways of dealing with practical problems

“During the environmental project discussion, “resourceful” signals a particular quality.”

sink

to go down below the surface of water, mud etc

“The speaker explains how “sink” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

steam

the hot mist that water produces when it is boiled

“Learners saw the word “steam” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

animate

to give life or energy to something

“A clear example helps learners use “animate” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

dead

a dead planet has no life on it

“Researchers describe the environmental project evidence as dead.”

habitat

the natural home of a plant or animal

“The speaker used the word “habitat” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

irrigate

to supply land or crops with water

“A clear example helps learners use “irrigate” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

seismic

relating to or caused by earthquakes

“The speaker uses “seismic” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

crustacean

an animal such as a lobster or a crab that has a hard outer shell and several pairs of legs, and usually lives in water

“The speaker used the word “crustacean” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

desiccant

a substance, such as calcium oxide, that absorbs water and is used to remove moisture; a drying agent

“Learners saw the word “desiccant” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

moon

the round object that you can see shining in the sky at night, and that moves around the Earth every 28 days

“The speaker used the word “moon” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

refract

if glass or water refracts light, the light changes direction when it passes through the glass or water

“A clear example helps learners use “refract” in a sentence about the environmental project.”

vivacious

someone, especially a woman, who is vivacious has a lot of energy and a happy attractive manner – used to show approval

“The speaker uses “vivacious” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

asteroid

one of the many small planet s that move around the Sun, especially between Mars and Jupiter

“A clear definition of the word “asteroid” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

duck

a very common water bird with short legs and a wide beak, used for its meat, eggs, and soft feathers

“A clear definition of the word “duck” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

catabolism

a metabolic process in which complex molecules are broken down into simple ones with the release of energy; destructive metabolism

“A clear definition of the word “catabolism” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

chlorine

a greenish-yellow gas with a strong smell that is used to keep the water in swimming pools clean. It is a chemical element: symbol Cl

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “chlorine.””

dig

to move earth, snow etc, or to make a hole in the ground, using a spade or your hands

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “dig” describes an action or change.”

hydrate

to supply someone or something with water to keep them healthy and in good condition

“The speaker explains how “hydrate” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

hydrolysis

a chemical reaction in which a compound reacts with water to produce other compounds

“Learners saw the word “hydrolysis” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

manure

waste matter from animals that is mixed with soil to improve the soil and help plants grow

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “manure.””

meteorite

A meteorite is a large piece of rock or metal from space that has landed on Earth

“Learners saw the word “meteorite” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

sealant

a substance that is put on the surface of something to protect it from air, water etc

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “sealant.””

setting

the place where something is or where something happens, and the general environment

“Learners saw the word “setting” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

stagy

behaviour that is stagy is not natural and is like the way an actor behaves on a stage

“The report describes the environmental project issue as stagy.”

submersion

the action of going under water, or the state of being completely covered in liquid

“A clear definition of the word “submersion” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

bread

a type of food made from flour and water that is mixed together and then baked

“Learners saw the word “bread” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

calvinism

the Christian religious teachings of John Calvin, based on the idea that events on Earth are controlled by God and cannot be changed by humans

“Learners saw the word “calvinism” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

cataclysm

a violent or sudden event or change, such as a serious flood or earthquake

“The speaker used the word “cataclysm” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

conduit

a pipe or passage through which water, gas, a set of electric wires etc passes

“Learners saw the word “conduit” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

dew

the small drops of water that form on outdoor surfaces during the night

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “dew.””

dielectric

a substance or medium that can sustain a static electric field within it

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “dielectric.””

earthquake

a sudden shaking of the earth’s surface that often causes a lot of damage

“A clear definition of the word “earthquake” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

frog

a small green animal that lives near water and has long legs for jumping

“Learners saw the word “frog” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

husband

to be very careful in the way you use your money, supplies etc and not waste any

“The speaker explains how “husband” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

kettle

a container with a lid, a handle, and a spout,used for boiling and pouring water

“The speaker used the word “kettle” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

salamander

a small animal similar to a lizard , which lives on land and in the water

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “salamander.””

adobe

earth and straw that are made into bricks for building houses

“A clear definition of the word “adobe” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

affectation

a way of behaving, speaking etc that is not sincere or natural

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “affectation.””

bath

an act of washing your whole body by sitting or lying in water

“A clear definition of the word “bath” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

circumnavigate

to sail, fly, or travel completely around the Earth, an island etc

“Learners hear “circumnavigate” while following the environmental project explanation.”

concomitant

something that often or naturally happens with something else

“A clear definition of the word “concomitant” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

dusty

If places, roads, or other things outside are dusty, they are covered with tiny bits of earth or sand, usually because it has not rained for a long time

“The speaker uses “dusty” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

fish

an animal that lives in water, and uses its fins and tail to swim

“Learners saw the word “fish” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

landslide

a sudden fall of a lot of earth or rocks down a hill, cliff etc

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “landslide.””

rot

to decay by a gradual natural process, or to make something do this

“The speaker explains how “rot” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

anhydrous

containing no water, esp no water of crystallization

“The speaker uses “anhydrous” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

climate

the typical weather conditions in a particular area

“A clear definition of the word “climate” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

disfigure

to spoil the appearance that something naturally has

“Learners hear “disfigure” while following the environmental project explanation.”

lithosphere

the rigid outer layer of the earth, having an average thickness of about 75 km and comprising the earth's crust and the solid part of the mantle above the asthenosphere

“A clear definition of the word “lithosphere” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

overgraze

to graze (land) beyond its capacity to sustain stock

“The speaker explains how “overgraze” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

photon

a unit of energy that carries light and has zero mass

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “photon.””

prototype

the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc has, or a model of it used to test the design before it is produced

“Learners saw the word “prototype” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

radius

the distance from the centre to the edge of a circle, or a line drawn from the centre to the edge

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “radius.””

rain

if it rains, drops of water fall from clouds in the sky

“Learners hear “rain” while following the environmental project explanation.”

sail

to travel on or across an area of water in a boat or ship

“The speaker explains how “sail” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

sequence

the order that something happens or exists in, or the order it is supposed to happen or exist in

“The speaker used the word “sequence” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

snowflake

a small soft flat piece of frozen water that falls as snow

“Learners saw the word “snowflake” while comparing two sides of the environmental project issue.”

speculate

to guess about the possible causes or effects of something, without knowing all the facts or details

“Learners hear “speculate” while following the environmental project explanation.”

strength

the physical power and energy that makes someone strong

“A clear definition of the word “strength” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

string

a strong thread made of several threads twisted together, used for tying or fastening things

“A clear definition of the word “string” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

vigorous

using a lot of energy and strength or determination

“Researchers describe the environmental project evidence as vigorous.”

accumulate

to gradually get more and more money, possessions, knowledge etc over a period of time

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “accumulate” describes an action or change.”

allocate

to use something for a particular purpose, give something to a particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been made

“The speaker explains how “allocate” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

antipodes

either or both of two points, places, or regions that are situated diametrically opposite to one another on the earth's surface, esp the country or region opposite one's own

“A clear definition of the word “antipodes” helped the group discuss the environmental project topic.”

brown

having the colour of earth, wood, or coffee

“The report describes the environmental project issue as brown.”

comparable

similar to something else in size, number, quality etc, so that you can make a comparison

“Researchers describe the environmental project evidence as comparable.”

complement

someone or something that emphasizes the good qualities of another person or thing

“The environmental project report includes a section on the word “complement.””

compress

to press something or make it smaller so that it takes up less space, or to become smaller

“In the environmental project discussion, the verb “compress” describes an action or change.”

convert

to change something into a different form, or to change something so that it can be used for a different purpose or in a different way

“The speaker explains how “convert” is used in a report about the environmental project.”

desperate

willing to do anything to change a very bad situation, and not caring about danger

“The speaker uses “desperate” to characterize the environmental project situation.”

eddy

a circular movement of water, wind, dust etc

“Learners hear “eddy” while following the environmental project explanation.”

globe

a round object with a map of the Earth drawn on it

“The speaker used the word “globe” while explaining the environmental project problem.”

The words