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Computers & signals

Screens, data, code, and messages that travel — 28 tiny stories from every shelf.

Bouncing all the way

How Does Light Go Round a Bend?

Light travels round bends in a fibre by reflecting off the inside walls thousands of times a metre.

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Same family, different size

Is Radio Really a Kind of Light?

Radio is genuinely light, just with waves metres long instead of fractions of a millimetre.

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A recipe with no judgement

What Makes Something an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a sequence of steps precise enough that a machine can follow it without judgement.

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On and off is enough

How Do Computers Count With Only Two Digits?

Computers count in binary because a switch has just two states, and place value does the rest.

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Order makes finding easy

Why Do We Sort Things?

Sorting things into order makes finding any one of them far faster.

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Physics run forward

How Can Anyone Predict Tomorrow?

A forecast measures today's air everywhere and calculates it forward using known physics.

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Predicting, not just reacting

What Does Your Brain Do?

The brain constantly predicts what is happening and corrects itself using the senses.

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Light in, picture built

How Do Your Eyes See?

Eyes convert light into nerve signals, and the brain builds the image.

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Wide, narrow, wide

How Does a Shop Scanner Read a Barcode?

A barcode is a number written as stripes, and the scanner reads it by measuring reflected light as it sweeps across.

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Counting light in tiny buckets

How Does a Photo Get Caught?

A photo is a count of light: a lens focuses it, a shutter times it, and a grid of wells measures it.

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Someone else's computer, in a shed

Where Is the Cloud?

The cloud is racks of computers in big buildings, holding your files and sending them over the internet when you ask.

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A desk and a filing cabinet

Where Does a Computer Keep Things?

A computer uses fast memory that empties when the power goes, and slower storage that keeps things permanently.

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Instructions, and nothing but

What Is a Computer Program?

A program is a list of exact instructions a computer follows in order, with tests and repeats to change the path.

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A relay, not a delivery

How Does an Email Find You?

An email is passed between servers, sorted by the part after the @, and waits on a server until your device collects it.

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Four clocks and some arithmetic

How Does a Phone Know Where It Is?

Nothing tracks your phone: it times signals from several satellites and works out the only place it could be.

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Adding a wave to its own mirror

Why Does Noise-Cancelling Work?

Noise-cancelling works by recording the noise, playing its mirror image, and letting the two waves add up to almost nothing.

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Millions of tiny corrections

How Does a Computer Learn?

A computer learns by guessing, being told how wrong it was, and nudging its own numbers — millions of times over.

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Somebody else's computer

Where Does a Website Actually Live?

A website lives as files on a real computer, and reaches you as small addressed packets passed router to router.

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Guessing is done by machine

Why Do Passwords Have to Be Long?

Passwords must be long because computers guess billions per second, and each extra character multiplies the work.

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Dots, fired one at a time

How Does a Printer Place Ink So Exactly?

A printer breaks a page into a grid of dots and fires a tiny drop of ink at each one as the head sweeps across.

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A wobble carried on a wave

How Does Music Get Into a Radio?

A radio station rides sound on a steady wave by wobbling it, and your radio picks out one wave and reads the wobble back.

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A light you cannot see

How Does a Remote Control Reach the Television?

A remote control blinks an invisible infrared light in a pattern, and the television has a sensor that reads it.

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Sense, decide, move

What Makes Something a Robot?

A robot senses the world, decides what to do about it, and moves — and it is the deciding that makes it a robot.

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Millions of tiny lights

Why Are Pictures Made of Dots?

Screens show pictures as a grid of dots mixing red, green and blue, redrawn fast enough to look like motion.

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Three colours, several million times

How Does a Television Make a Picture?

A television makes pictures out of millions of tiny red, green and blue lights, each given a brightness many times a second.

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It notices charge, not pressure

How Does Glass Feel Your Finger?

A touchscreen does not feel pressure; it notices your body stealing a little charge from a grid of invisible wires.

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Redrawn sixty times a second

How Does a Video Game Work?

A game reads your controls, works out the new state of its world, and draws a fresh picture — sixty times a second.

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Radio you cannot hear

How Does the Internet Cross a Room?

Wifi is radio: data rides on a wave that is wobbled in a pattern your phone knows how to read back.

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