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A switch that feels the room

How Does a Heater Know When to Stop?

A thermostat is a switch that opens when it is warm enough and closes when it is not — everything else follows from that.

It measures one thing:temperatureIt does one thing: openor closeAbove your number, itopensBelow it, it closesagain
A thermostat has no idea how hot the heater is.
  1. Step 1 of 5

    It is a switch, not a dial on the heat.

    What people imagine Turning the heat up anddownWhat actually happens Full power, some of thetime

    The heater is either fully on or fully off. What the thermostat changes is how much of the time it spends on, not how hard it burns.

  2. Step 2 of 5

    The old ones bend, the new ones count.

    Mechanical Two bonded metals,curlingDigital A resistance read manytimes a second

    A mechanical thermostat is a coiled strip of two metals that curls as it warms until it tips a contact apart. A digital one reads a sensor and decides.

  3. Step 3 of 5

    It always overshoots.

    1 The thermostatcuts out2 Stored heatkeeps arriving3 The room driftspast the setpoint

    By the time the switch opens, the radiators are still full of heat and go on releasing it. The room drifts past your number before it settles.

  4. Step 4 of 5

    So it deliberately waits before switching back.

    Switches offat 21°CSwitches back onnot until 20°C

    If it flipped at exactly one temperature it would chatter on and off every few seconds. A built-in gap — switch off at 21, on again at 20 — stops that.

  5. Step 5 of 5

    Where you put it decides everything.

    In a draughty hall Reads cold — heats thehouse too longIn direct sun Reads warm — shuts offfar too early

    It only knows its own corner. Near a draught it runs the heating forever; above a radiator or in sunlight it shuts the house down while the rest is cold.

    Turning the dial to 30 does not warm a room any faster. The heater was already at full power — the number only changes when it stops.

The short version

A thermostat is a switch that opens above your set temperature and closes below it, with a deliberate gap between the two so it does not chatter.

Try it yourself

Put a thermometer next to your thermostat and another across the room. The two rarely agree, and the thermostat only believes its own.

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